Breath hydrogen produced by ingestion of commercial hydrogen water
This study compared how and to what extent ingestion of hydrogen water and milk increase breath hydrogen in adults. Five subjects without specific diseases, ingested distilled or hydrogen water and milk as a reference material that could increase breath hydrogen. Their end-alveolar breath hydrogen was measured. Ingestion of hydrogen water rapidly increased breath hydrogen to the maximal level of approximately 40 ppm 10-15 min after ingestion and thereafter rapidly decreased to the baseline level, whereas ingestion of the same amount of distilled water did not change breath hydrogen (p < 0.001). Ingestion of hydrogen water increased both hydrogen peaks and the area under the curve (AUC) of breath hydrogen in a dose-dependent manner. Ingestion of milk showed a delayed and sustained increase of breath hydrogen in subjects with milk intolerance for up to 540 min. Ingestion of hydrogen water produced breath hydrogen at AUC levels of 2 to 9 ppm hour, whereas milk increased breath hydrogen to AUC levels of 164 ppm hour for 540 min after drinking. Hydrogen water caused a rapid increase in breath hydrogen in a dose-dependent manner; however, the rise in breath hydrogen was not sustained compared with milk.
Link to Full Text
Shimouchi A, Nose K, Yamaguchi M, Ishiguro H, Kondo T. Breath hydrogen produced by ingestion of commercial hydrogen water and milk. Biomark Insights. 2009 Feb 9;4:27-32.
Hydrogen-rich water decreases serum LDL-cholesterol levels and improves HDL function
Authors have found that hydrogen (dihydrogen; H2) has beneficial lipid-lowering effects in high-fat diet-fed Syrian golden hamsters. The objective of this study was to characterize the effects of H2-rich water (0.9-1.0 l/day) on the content, composition, and biological activities of serum lipoproteins on 20 patients with potential metabolic syndrome. Serum analysis showed that consumption of H2-rich water for 10 weeks resulted in decreased serum total-cholesterol (TC) and LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels. Western blot analysis revealed a marked decrease of apolipoprotein (apo)B100 and apoE in serum. In addition, we found H2 significantly improved HDL functionality assessed in four independent ways, namely, i) protection against LDL oxidation, ii) inhibition of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-induced monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells, iii) stimulation of cholesterol efflux from macrophage foam cells, and iv) protection of endothelial cells from TNF-α-induced apoptosis. Further, authors found consumption of H2-rich water resulted in an increase in antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase and a decrease in thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances in whole serum and LDL. In conclusion, supplementation with H2-rich water seems to decrease serum LDL-C and apoB levels, improve dyslipidemia-injured HDL functions, and reduce oxidative stress, and it may have a beneficial role in prevention of potential metabolic syndrome.
Link to Full Text
Song G, Li M, Sang H, Zhang L, Li X, Yao S, et al. Hydrogen-rich water decreases serum LDL-cholesterol levels and improves HDL function in patients with potential metabolic syndrome. J Lipid Res. 2013 Jul;54(7):1884-93.
Molecular hydrogen consumption in the human body during the inhalation of hydrogen gas
Inhaling or ingesting hydrogen (H2) gas improves oxidative stress-induced damage in animal models and humans. It has been previously reported that H2 was consumed throughout the human body after the ingestion of H2-rich water and that the H2 consumption rate (VH2) was 1.0 μmol/min/m(2) body surface area. To confirm this result, authors evaluated VH2 during the inhalation of low levels of H2 gas. After measuring the baseline levels of exhaled H2 during room air breathing via a one-way valve and a mouthpiece, the subject breathed low levels (160 ppm) of H2 gas mixed with purified artificial air. The H2 levels of their inspired and expired breath were measured by gas chromatography using a semiconductor sensor. VH2 was calculated using a ventilation equation derived from the inspired and expired concentrations of O2/CO2/H2, and the expired minute ventilation volume, which was measured with a respiromonitor. As a result, VH2 was found to be approximately 0.7 μmol/min/m(2)BSA, which was compatible with the findings authors obtained using H2-rich water. VH2 varied markedly when pretreatment fasting to reduce colonic fermentation was not employed, i.e., when the subject’s baseline breath hydrogen level was 10 ppm or greater. Reported H2 inhalation method might be useful for the noninvasive monitoring of hydroxyl radical production in the human body.
Link to Full Text
Shimouchi A, Nose K, Mizukami T, Che DC, Shirai M. Molecular hydrogen consumption in the human body during the inhalation of hydrogen gas. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2013;789:315-21.
Hydrogen-rich water improves lipid and glucose metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes
Oxidative stress is recognized widely as being associated with various disorders including diabetes, hypertension, and atherosclerosis. It is well established that hydrogen has a reducing action. We therefore investigated the effects of hydrogen-rich water intake on lipid and glucose metabolism in patients with either type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). We performed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study in 30 patients with T2DM controlled by diet and exercise therapy and 6 patients with IGT. The patients consumed either 900 mL/d of hydrogen-rich pure water or 900 mL of placebo pure water for 8 weeks, with a 12-week washout period. Several biomarkers of oxidative stress, insulin resistance, and glucose metabolism, assessed by an oral glucose tolerance test, were evaluated at baseline and at 8 weeks. Intake of hydrogen-rich water was associated with significant decreases in the levels of modified low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (ie, modifications that increase the net negative charge of LDL), small dense LDL, and urinary 8-isoprostanes by 15.5% (P < .01), 5.7% (P < .05), and 6.6% (P < .05), respectively. Hydrogen-rich water intake was also associated with a trend of decreased serum concentrations of oxidized LDL and free fatty acids, and increased plasma levels of adiponectin and extracellular-superoxide dismutase. In 4 of 6 patients with IGT, intake of hydrogen-rich water normalized the oral glucose tolerance test. In conclusion, these results suggest that supplementation with hydrogen-rich water may have a beneficial role in prevention of T2DM and insulin resistance.
Link to Full Text
Kajiyama S, Hasegawa G, Asano M, Hosoda H, Fukui M, Nakamura N, et al. Supplementation of hydrogen-rich water improves lipid and glucose metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance. Nutr Res. 2008;28:137-43.
Effectiveness of hydrogen rich water in subjects with potential metabolic syndrome
Metabolic syndrome is characterized by cardiometabolic risk factors that include obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension and dyslipidemia. Oxidative stress is known to play a major role in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome. The objective of this study was to examine the effectiveness of hydrogen rich water (1.5-2 L/day) in an open label, 8-week study on 20 subjects with potential metabolic syndrome. Hydrogen rich water was produced, by placing a metallic magnesium stick into drinking water (hydrogen concentration; 0.55-0.65 mM), by the following chemical reaction; Mg + 2H(2)O –> Mg (OH)(2) + H(2). The consumption of hydrogen rich water for 8 weeks resulted in a 39% increase (p<0.05) in antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) and a 43% decrease (p<0.05) in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in urine. Further, subjects demonstrated an 8% increase in high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol and a 13% decrease in total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol from baseline to week 4. There was no change in fasting glucose levels during the 8 week study. In conclusion, drinking hydrogen rich water represents a potentially novel therapeutic and preventive strategy for metabolic syndrome. The portable magnesium stick was a safe, easy and effective method of delivering hydrogen rich water for daily consumption by participants in the study.
Link to Full Text
Nakao A, Toyoda Y, Sharma P, Evans M, Guthrie N. Effectiveness of hydrogen rich water on antioxidant status of subjects with potential metabolic syndrome-an open label pilot study. J Clin Biochem Nutr. 2010;46:140-9.
More Research Paper. . .
-
Abe, M., et al., Suppressive Effect of ERW on Lipid Peroxidation and Plasma Triglyceride Level, in Animal Cell Technology: Basic & Applied Aspects. S. Netherlands, Editor. 2010. p. 315-321.
-
Amitani, H., et al., Hydrogen Improves Glycemic Control in Type1 Diabetic Animal Model by Promoting Glucose Uptake into Skeletal Muscle. PLoS One, 2013. 8(1).
-
Baek, D.-H., Antibacterial Activity of Hydrogen-rich Water Against Oral Bacteria. 2013.
-
Chao, Y.C. and M.T. Chiang, Effect of alkaline reduced water on erythrocyte oxidative status and plasma lipids of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Taiwanese Journal of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Science, 2009. 47(2): p. 71-72.
-
Chen, C.H., et al., Hydrogen Gas Reduced Acute Hyperglycemia-Enhanced Hemorrhagic Transformation in a Focal Ischemia Rat Model. Neuroscience, 2010. 169(1): p. 402-414.
-
Chen, Y., et al., Hydrogen-rich saline attenuates vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and neointimal hyperplasia by inhibiting reactive oxygen species production and inactivating the Ras-ERK1/2-MEK1/2 and Akt pathways. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 2013. 31(3): p. 597-606.
-
Chiasson, J.L., et al., Acarbose treatment and the risk of cardiovascular disease and hypertension in patients with impaired glucose tolerance: the STOP-NIDDM trial. JAMA, 2003. 290(4): p. 486-94.
-
Dan, J., et al., Effect of mineral induced alkaline reduced water on Sprague-Dawley rats fed on a high-fat diet. J. Exp. Biomed. Sci., 2006. 12: p. 1-7.
-
Ekuni, D., et al., Hydrogen-rich water prevents lipid deposition in the descending aorta in a rat periodontitis model. Arch Oral Biol, 2012. 57(12): p. 1615-22.
-
Fan, M., et al., Protective Effects of Hydrogen-Rich Saline Against Erectile Dysfunction in a Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rat Model. J Urol, 2012.
-
Fan, M., et al., Protective effects of hydrogen-rich saline against erectile dysfunction in a streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model. Journal of Urology, 2013. 190(1): p. 350-6.
-
GU, H.Y., et al., Anti-oxidation Effect and Anti Type 2 Diabetic Effect in Active Hydrogen Water. Medicine and Biology, 2006. 150(11): p. 384-392.
-
Hamaskai, T., et al., The suppressive effect of electrolyzed reduced water on lipid peroxidation. Animal Cell Technology: Basic & Applied Aspects, 2003. 13: p. 381-385.
-
Hashimoto, M., et al., Effects of hydrogen-rich water on abnormalities in an SHR.Cg-Leprcp/NDmcr rat – a metabolic syndrome rat model. Medical Gas Research, 2011. 1(1): p. 26.
-
He, B., et al., Protection of oral hydrogen water as an antioxidant on pulmonary hypertension. Mol Biol Rep, 2013. 40(9): p. 5513-21.
-
Ignacio, R.M., et al., Anti-obesity effect of alkaline reduced water in high fat-fed obese mice. Biol Pharm Bull, 2013. 36(7): p. 1052-9.
-
Iio, A., et al., Molecular hydrogen attenuates fatty acid uptake and lipid accumulation through downregulating CD36 expression in HepG2 cells. Medical Gas Research, 2013. 3(1): p. 6.
-
Jiang, H., et al., Hydrogen-rich medium suppresses the generation of reactive oxygen species, elevates the Bcl-2/Bax ratio, and inhibits advanced glycation end product-induced apoptosis. Int J Mol Med, 2013. 31(6): p. 1381-7.
-
Jin, D., et al., Anti-diabetic effect of alkaline-reduced water on OLETF rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem, 2006.70(1): p. 31-7.
-
Kamimura, N., et al., Molecular Hydrogen Improves Obesity and Diabetes by Inducing Hepatic FGF21 and Stimulating Energy Metabolism in dB/dB Mice. Obesity, 2011.
-
Kawai, D., et al., Hydrogen-rich water prevents the progression of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and accompanying hepatocarcinogenesis in mice. Hepatology, 2012. 56(3): p. 912-21.
-
Kim, H.-W., Alkaline Reduced Water produced by UMQ showed Anti-cancer and Anti-diabetic effect. published online at http://www.korea-water.com/images/e_q.pdf 2004.
-
Kim, M.J., and H.K. Kim, Anti-diabetic effects of electrolyzed reduced water in streptozotocin-induced and genetic diabetic mice. Life Sci, 2006. 79(24): p. 2288-92.
-
Kim, M.J., et al., Preservative effect of electrolyzed reduced water on pancreatic beta-cell mass in diabetic dB/dB mice. Biol Pharm Bull, 2007. 30(2): p. 234-6.
-
Li, Y., et al., Protective mechanism of reduced water against alloxan-induced pancreatic beta-cell damage: Scavenging effect against reactive oxygen species. Cytotechnology, 2002. 40(1-3): p. 139-49.
-
Li, Y.-P., Teruya, K., Katakura, Y., Kabayama, S., Otsubo, K., Morisawa, S., et al, Effect of reduced water on the apoptotic cell death triggered by oxidative stress in pancreatic b HIT-T15 cell. Animal cell technology meets genomics, 2005: p. 121-124.
-
Li, Y., et al., Suppressive effects of electrolyzed reduced water on alloxan-induced apoptosis and type 1 diabetes mellitus. Cytotechnology, 2011. 63(2): p. 119-31.
-
Nakai, Y., et al., Hepatic oxidoreduction-related genes are upregulated by the administration of hydrogen-saturated drinking water. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, 2011. 75(4): p. 774-6.
-
Oda, M., et al., Electrolyzed and naturally reduced water exhibit insulin-like activity on glucose uptake into muscle cells and adipocytes. Animal Cell Technology: Products from Cells, Cells as Products, 2000: p.
-
Ohsawa, I., et al., Consumption of hydrogen water prevents atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E knockout mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2008. 377(4): p. 1195-8.
-
Shirahata, S., Anti-oxidative water improves diabetes. 2001.
-
Shirahata, S., et al., Anti-diabetes effect of water containing hydrogen molecule and Pt nanoparticles. BMC Proc, 2011. 5 Suppl 8: p. P18.
-
Song, G., et al., H2 inhibits TNF-alpha-induced lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1 expression by inhibiting nuclear factor kappaB activation in endothelial cells. Biotechnology Letters, 2011. 33(9): p. 1715-22.
-
Song, G., et al., Hydrogen decreases athero-susceptibility in apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins and aorta of apolipoprotein E knockout mice. Atherosclerosis, 2012. 221(1): p. 55-65.
-
Tanabe, H., et al., Suppressive Effect of High Hydrogen Generating High Amylose Cornstarch on Subacute Hepatic Ischemia-reperfusion Injury in Rats. Biosci Microbiota Food Health, 2012. 31(4): p. 103-8.
-
Wang, Y., et al., Protective effects of hydrogen-rich saline on monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension in a rat model. Respir Res, 2011. 12: p. 26.
-
Wang, Q.J., et al., Therapeutic effects of hydrogen saturated saline on rat diabetic model and insulin resistant model via reduction of oxidative stress. Chin Med J (Engl), 2012. 125(9): p. 1633-7.
-
Yang, X., et al., Protective effects of hydrogen-rich saline in a preeclampsia rat model. Placenta, 2011. 32(9): p. 681-6.
-
Yeunhwa GU, K.O., Taigo FUj, Yuka ITOKAWA, et al., Anti Type 2 Diabetic Effect and Anti-oxidation Effect in Active Hydrogen Water Administration KK-Ay Mice. Medicine and Biology, 2006. 150(11): p. 384-392.
-
Yu, P., et al., Hydrogen-rich medium protects human skin fibroblasts from high glucose or mannitol induced oxidative damage. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 2011. 409(2): p. 350-5.
-
Yu, Y.S., and H. Zheng, Chronic hydrogen-rich saline treatment reduces oxidative stress, and attenuates left ventricular hypertrophy in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Mol Cell Biochem, 2012. 365(1-2): p. 233-42.
-
Zheng, H., and Y.S. Yu, Chronic hydrogen-rich saline treatment attenuates vascular dysfunction in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Biochemical Pharmacology, 2012. 83(9): p. 1269-77.
-
Zong, C., et al., Administration of hydrogen-saturated saline decreases plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and improves high-density lipoprotein function in high-fat diet-fed hamsters. Metabolism, 2012.61(6): p. 794-800.
-
Yokoyama, J.-m.K.a.K., Effects of alkaline ionized water on spontaneously diabetic GK-rats fed sucrose. Korea. J. of Lab. Anim Sa, 1997. 13(2): p. 187-190.